Deep Learning

Asphalt roads, parking lots, buildings and paved courtyards: in our cities, a large share of the ground is sealed. This has consequences. Rainwater can no longer seep into the soil and instead flows into the sewer system, which can lead to flooding during heavy rainfall. Sealed surfaces heat up considerably in summer, plants and animals lose their habitats, and valuable soil is lost. Many cities and municipalities therefore want to unseal areas in a targeted way. To do so, however, they first need to know where and to what extent the ground is sealed. Mapping these areas by hand takes a great deal of time and staff. ...

Deep learning has already proven its potential in many areas of remote sensing. One example is the classification of land use and land cover from satellite and aerial imagery. But perhaps we can go one step further: once an AI model has learned how certain things are related, can we also ask it “what if?” questions? By deliberately changing the data we feed into the model, we can observe how its output changes. In this way, an AI could serve as a kind of simplified simulator, for example in so-called digital twins. These are virtual replicas of real cities or landscapes in which changes can be tested before they are implemented in the real world. ...

Traditional orchards are among the most species-rich habitats in Central Europe. Especially in southern Germany, their loosely scattered, tall-trunked fruit trees have shaped the landscape for centuries. Yet these orchards have been in decline for decades. Although traditional orchards are legally protected, there is still no up-to-date and complete overview of where they can actually be found. But exactly this knowledge would be the basis for protecting and maintaining them in a targeted way. Surveying all orchards on foot is hardly feasible given the vast area involved, and it would be far too expensive. ...

Trees, parks, lawns and hedges are more than just pleasant to look at. Urban greenery helps keep cities cool on hot summer days and soaks up rainwater that would otherwise flood streets and overwhelm drains. To plan, manage and protect these green spaces, cities need to know exactly where vegetation grows. Detailed vegetation maps also feed into computer simulations that help cities prepare for heat waves and heavy rainfall. Such maps can be created from aerial and satellite images with the help of artificial intelligence. Until now, however, most of these approaches have been complex to set up and required powerful, expensive computers. ...

Deep learning models based on diffusion processes have shown great potential in a range of generative tasks, such as image generation. For remote sensing applications, generative models are not that common. The question that we tried to answer is whether diffusion processes can be used to efficiently pretrain models for discriminative tasks? Diffusion processes are best known for training image-from-text models. The idea behind diffusion processes is rather simple: you take an image and gradually destroy the information by applied Gaussian noise. A diffusion model will now learn to reconstruct the original information (i.e., remove the noise) between two steps. Fully trained, these models are able to create photo-realistic images from noise. ...

Multimodal datasets for remote sensing are oftentimes limited to two data modalities, such as multispectral and SAR polarization data. In order to experiment with a much wider range of data modalities, we extended the well-known BigEarthNet dataset to includes a wide range of data modalities. Earth observation data are by default multi-modal. Data are being acquired by a wide range of sensors, some of which are passive sensors (e.g., multiband imaging) and others are active sensors (e.g., SAR). In addition to such observational data, archival data are available for most locations on Earth. ...

Road traffic noise represents a global health issue. Despite its importance, noise data are unavailable in many regions of the world. Such data are typically inferred through point measurements and complex physical models to simulate the propagation of noise. Since this process is unfeasible in many areas of the world, we therefore propose to approximate noise data from satellite imagery in an end-to-end Deep Learning approach. We train a U-Net segmentation model to estimate road noise based on freely available Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and existing road traffic noise estimates for Switzerland. ...

This research consists of two parts that will be presented in the following. Contrastive Self-supervised Data Fusion for Satellite Imagery Supervised learning of any task requires large amounts of labeled data. Especially in the case of satellite imagery, unlabeled data is ubiquitous, while the labeling process is often cumbersome and expensive. Therefore, it is highly worthwhile to leverage methods to minimize the amount of labeled data that is required to obtain a good performance of the given down-stream task. In our first work, we leverage contrastive learning in a multi-modal setup to achieve this result. ...

This project forms the logical extension of our previous project on the characterization of industrial plumes from remote sensing data. Instead of simply identifying and characterizing plumes, we utilize this information to estimate Greenhouse Gas emissions from fossil fuel-firing power plants. The idea is rather simple: we know that we can segment plumes and robustly distinguish them from natural clouds. For all European power plants, we know for any given time what their power generation rates are. We can therefore train a regression model to estimate the power generation rate from the extent of the observed plume for any given time. However, the apparent size of the plume is not only a function of the power generation process. Instead, it is a highly complex process that relies on environmental variables. To approximate these variables, we provide concurrent weather information, including ambient temperature, air pressure and wind speed to our regression model. ...

Exposure to air pollution has been shown to lead to adverse health effects. A major air pollutant is NO2, which, at the surface level, directly affects human health, and, at higher elevations, contributes to acidic rain and represents a precursor to greenhouse gases. While NO2 column densities in the atmosphere can be measured with satellite observations as provided by Sentinel-5P, it requires in-situ measurements from ground stations to measure NO2 concentrations on the surface level, which is relevant to human exposure. ...